Difference between revisions of "Exploring Hydrological Analyses using ILWIS"

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==Purpose==
  
==Purpose==
  +
[[File:ilwis_logo.png|frame|ILWIS Logo]]
 
This Wiki tutorial has been produced for the purpose of exploring and describing the methods used for hydrological analyses in ILWIS (a FOSS4G program). The objective of this tutorial is to provide users with a better understanding of how the hydrological analyses within ILWIS works, in addition to providing the instructions necessary to reach the desired output for their study region. Additionally, this tutorial will allow for comparison of ILWIS and SAGA GIS, using the same data for analysis as the [http://gracilis.carleton.ca/CUOSGwiki/index.php/Exploring_Hydrological_Analyses_using_SAGA_GIS Exploring Hydrological Analyses using SAGA GIS] tutorial from 2013.
 
This Wiki tutorial has been produced for the purpose of exploring and describing the methods used for hydrological analyses in ILWIS (a FOSS4G program). The objective of this tutorial is to provide users with a better understanding of how the hydrological analyses within ILWIS works, in addition to providing the instructions necessary to reach the desired output for their study region. Additionally, this tutorial will allow for comparison of ILWIS and SAGA GIS, using the same data for analysis as the [http://gracilis.carleton.ca/CUOSGwiki/index.php/Exploring_Hydrological_Analyses_using_SAGA_GIS Exploring Hydrological Analyses using SAGA GIS] tutorial from 2013.
   
  +
This project will focus on hydrological analysis of Okanagan Lake, a popular tourist destination in British Columbia, Canada. The tutorial will cover topics such as filling sinks, flow direction, DEM visualization and drainage network mapping through the use of ILWIS hydrological analysis tools.
−
==Introduction to ILWIS and the Project Tutorial==
  
−
ILWIS stands for "Integrated Land and Water Information System". It is a open source Geographic Information System software program that was designed to be a user-friendly integrated software that contains both raster and vector processing capabilities, allowing for both analyses on remotely sensed images, vector maps and numerous spatial modeling abilities. ILWIS was developed by the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) in The Netherlands. This tutorial will focus on its ability to use Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)to run hydrological analyses of a study region. More information about this product can be found on the [http://www.ilwis.org/ ILWIS Website]
  
   
  +
==Introduction to ILWIS==
−
[[File:ilwis_logo.png]]
  
  +
ILWIS stands for "Integrated Land and Water Information System". It is an open source Geographic Information System software program that was designed to be a user-friendly integrated software that contains both raster and vector processing capabilities, allowing for both analyses on remotely sensed images, vector maps and numerous spatial modeling abilities. ILWIS was developed by the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) in The Netherlands. This tutorial will focus on its ability to use Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to run hydrological analyses of a study region. More information about this product can be found on the [https://52north.org/software/software-projects/ilwis/ ILWIS Website]
−  
−
This project will focus on hydrological analysis of Okanagan Lake, a popular tourist destination in British Columbia, Canada. The tutorial will cover topics such as Aspect mapping, Slope mapping, Watershed Delineation mapping and Wetness Index mapping through the use of ILWIS hydrological analysis tools.
  
   
 
==Methods==
  
==Methods==
   
−
===Data and Programs===
 +
===Software Download and Installation===
  +
ILWIS 3.8.5 can be downloaded for free from the [https://github.com/52North/Ilwis3Downloads GitHub page for 52 North]. This is the most recent version of ILWIS 3 and was released on September 3, 2015. Since the release of this version, the ITC has released ILWIS 4. It is likely that new versions of ILWIS 3 will eventually stop being released, as the capabilities of ILWIS 4 become greater. More information about ILWIS 4 can be found on the [http://ilwis.itc.utwente.nl/wiki/index.php/Main_Page ILWIS 4] website.
   
  +
===Data Sourcing===
−
In order to carry out this exercise, a DEM of the area of interest is needed. For this project a open source DEM was obtained using the [http://www.geogratis.gc.ca/site/eng/extraction Geospatial Data Extraction]tool created by Natural Resources Canada.
  
  +
In order to carry out this exercise, a DEM of the area of interest is needed. For this project an open data DEM was obtained using the [http://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html Geospatial Data Extraction Tool] created by Natural Resources Canada.
   
−
For DEMs located outside of Canada open source DEMs can be obtained from [http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ ASTER and SRTM Global Digital Elevation Model - USGS]
 +
Digital Elevation Models for locations outside of Canada can be obtained using the [http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ EarthExplorer Tool] created by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
−  
−
This turtorial explores the hydrological toolset for ILWIS, but the use of open-source program QGIS is needed as well. This can be downloaded from [https://www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html the QGIS website]
  
−  
−
===Getting Started===
  
−
Before starting any analysis, create your working folder and ensure all data needed for the exercise are in this folder. Keeping all your data in one folder will make analysis easier.
  
   
 
===Starting ILWIS===
  
===Starting ILWIS===
  +
'''Before starting any analysis, create a working folder and ensure all data needed are in this folder. Keeping all your data in one folder makes analyses easier.'''
−
ILWIS 3.08.03 can be downloaded for free from [http://52north.org/communities/ilwis/ilwis-open/download 52 North].The newer version of ILWIS 3.08.04 is available but do not download this one, as a bug does not allow you to import DEMs into this version.
 
  +
----
−  
−
*Ensure that ILWIS 3.08.03 is properly installed on your computer
 +
*Ensure that ILWIS 3.8.5 is properly installed on your computer
−
*Locate ILWIS from the Program list and double click on the icon to launch program.
 +
*Locate ILWIS from the program list and double click on the icon to launch program
 
*ILWIS main page will open
  
*ILWIS main page will open
 
*Use the ILWIS Navigator Tab to locate your working folder. The Navigator lists all drivers and directories.
  
*Use the ILWIS Navigator Tab to locate your working folder. The Navigator lists all drivers and directories.
   
−
[[File:ILWIS3.8.3_Interface.png|800px]]
 +
[[File:ILWIS_Interface2.png|800px]]
−
 
−
Figure ??: Screenshot of ILWIS Interface
  
   
  +
''Figure 1: Screenshot of ILWIS Interface''
−
===Projecting a DEM in QGIS===
  
−
Projecting in ILWIS did not work, so QGIS (another open source GIS software) was used instead. These steps explain how to load a DEM into QGIS, assign a projection, and export the DEM to be used in other software (e.g. ILWIS)
  
   
−
1) Download QGIS and open the program.
  
   
  +
===Importing a DEM===
−
2) Add your DEM using the '''Add Raster Layer''' tool (Figure ??). You will have to navigate to the working folder and select the DEM.
  
  +
Before any analysis can be completed, a DEM of the region of interest must be imported into ILWIS.
   
  +
:1) Click Operations --> Import/Export --> GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library)
   
−
[[File:Add_Raster_Layer_QGIS.png]]
 +
[[File:ImportDEM_1.png|800px]]
   
  +
''Figure 2 - Finding the import tool in ILWIS''
−
3) To reproject your DEM click '''Raster''' -> '''Projection''' -> '''Assign Projection'''
  
   
−
4) A new window will open (Figure ??)called '''Assign Projection''', within this window the DEM to projected is selected for input file
  
   
  +
::* An Import window will open
−
[[File:Assign Projection QGIS Raster.png]]
  
   
  +
[[File:ImportDEM_2.png|500px]]
−
5) Click '''Select..''' under desired srs in the '''Assign Projection''' window and a new '''Select Desired SRS''' window will open (Figure ???).
 
   
  +
''Figure 3 - ILWIS import window''
−
6) Within this window select the desired coordinate system. Click OK.
 
−
(note: For this hydrological analyses, the coordinate system chosen should measure in metres and not in degrees)
  
   
−
[[File:QGIS Select desired SRS.png|350px]]
  
   
  +
:2) Click to the DEM you want to import and ensure that the import format is set to Use GDAL.
−
7) A new DEM will be added to the QGIS interface with the desired projection
  
   
  +
:3) Give your Output DEM a name and click OK.
−
8) The new DEM can be exported by right-clicking it and selecting '''Save as...'''
  
   
  +
::* The new DEM (compatible in ILWIS) will save in your working directory
−
9) A window called '''Save raster layer as..''' will open. Under '''Save as''' browse to the desired folder location for your projected DEM and rename it.
 
   
  +
:4) To view your DEM double-click on the DEM to open the Foreign Collection window.
−
[[File:Save Raster Layer As QGIS.png|450px]]
  
   
  +
[[File:ForeignCollectionWindow.png|500px]]
−
10) Click Save. A projected DEM for the region of interest is now saved and can be loaded into ILWIS.
  
   
  +
''Figure 4 - ILWIS foreign collection window''
−
===Importing DEMs into ILWIS===
  
   
−
Before any analysis can be completed, a DEM of teh region of interest must be imported into ILWIS.
 
   
  +
:5) In the foreign collection window, double-click on the raster layer icon to open the DEM.
−
1) Click Operations --> Import/Export --> GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library)
 
  +
:::: [[File:ForeignCollectionWindow2.png|100px]]
  +
:::: ''Figure 5 - ILWIS raster icon''
   
−
[[File:Import DEM ILWIS.png]]
  
   
  +
::* The raster you have imported will open
−
''Figure ?? - Operations to find import tool in ILWIS''
  
   
  +
[[File:OpenMap_2.png|800px]]
−
2) An Import window will open
  
   
  +
''Figure 6 - Projected DEM of Lake Okanagan in ILWIS software''
−
[[File:ILWIS Import Window.png| 500px]]
  
   
−
''Figure ?? - ILWIS import window''
  
   
  +
===Projecting a DEM===
−
3) Click to the DEM you want to import and ensure that the import format is '''Use GDAL'''.
 
  +
In this version of ILWIS 3, you are able to change the projection of the DEM without problems. This step is important, especially when working with data from multiple sources as they will often not use the same projection. The following steps explain how to find the current projection of the DEM, create a new projection, and then change the projection of the existing DEM.
   
  +
(note: For the following hydrological analyses, the coordinate system chosen needs to be in planar coordinates (units of metres), not in polar coordinates (units of degrees))
−
5) Give your Output DEM a name and click OK.
 
−
* The new DEM (compatible in ILWIS) will save in your working directory
 
   
  +
====Determining the Current Coordinate System====
−
6) To view your DEM right-click on the DEM and select '''Open'''
  
  +
:1) Right click on the raster, and select Properties.
   
−
[[File:OkanaganDEM.png]]
 +
[[File:CurrentCoordSystem_1.1.png|800px]]
   
−
''Figure ?? - Projected DEM of Lake Okanagan in ILWIS software''
 +
''Figure 7 - Path to find properties of a raster''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Properties of Raster Map window will open. Read the line that says: Coordinate System (see Figure 8 below).
  +
  +
::* This tells you which Coordinate System file is currently being used by the raster. In this example, the Coordinate System file called "dem" is being used.
  +
  +
[[File:CurrentCoordSystem_2.111.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 8 - Properties of Raster Map window with arrow pointing to the current Coordinate System in use''
  +
  +
  +
:2) Close the Properties of Raster Map window.
  +
  +
:3) Right click on the coordinate system in use by the raster, and select Properties.
  +
  +
:::: [[File:CurrentCoordSystem_3.png|100px]]
  +
:::: ''Figure 9 - ILWIS coordinate system icon''
  +
  +
[[File:CurrentCoordSystem_1.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 10 - Path to find properties of a coordinate system''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Properties of Coordinate System LatLon window will open.
  +
  +
::* This tells you which coordinate system is current being used by the Coordinate System file and the raster. In this example, the reference coordinate system being used is WGS 1984.
  +
  +
[[File:CurrentCoordSystem_2.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 11 - Properties of Coordinate System LatLon window''
  +
  +
  +
====Creating a New Coordinate System====
  +
:1) Click File --> Create --> Coordinate System
  +
  +
[[File:CreateCoordSystem_1.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 12 - Path to find properties of a coordinate system''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Create Coordinate System window will open.
  +
  +
[[File:CreateCoordSystem_2.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 13 - Create Coordinate System window''
  +
  +
  +
:2) Input a name for the new coordinate system, and select CoordSystem Projection. Press OK.
  +
  +
::* The Coordinate System Projection window will open. Click Projection.
  +
  +
[[File:CreateCoordSystem_3.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 14 - Coordinate System Projection window''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Select Projection window will open.
  +
  +
[[File:CreateCoordSystem_4.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 15 - Select Projection window''
  +
  +
  +
:3) Double-click the projection you would like to use from the list. In this case the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection was selected.
  +
  +
::* The Coordinate System Projection window will open again, this time with more options.
  +
  +
[[File:CreateCoordSystem_8.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 16 - Updated Coordinate System Projection window''
  +
  +
  +
:4) Click Datum.
  +
  +
::* The Select Datum window will open.
  +
  +
[[File:CreateCoordSystem_6.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 17 - Select Datum window''
  +
  +
  +
:5) Choose the geodetic datum coordinate system from the list, and the Area for the datum if available. In this case, North American 1983 (NAD 83) and the Canada was selected as the area.
  +
  +
::* Again, the Coordinate System Projection window will open, this time with more changes.
  +
  +
[[File:CreateCoordSystem_7.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 18 - Second updated Coordinate System Projection window''
  +
  +
  +
:6) Check the Northern Hemisphere option (if applicable), and enter UTM zone that your area of interest is located in. In this case, Okanagan Lake is located in UTM zone 11.
  +
  +
::* If you are unsure of the UTM zone your area of interest is located within, you can go to [https://mangomap.com/robertyoung/maps/69585/What-UTM-Zone-am-I-in-# this] website. Here, you are able to enter a location and the UTM zone will be provided on the map.
  +
  +
:7) Click OK. Now the new coordinate system has been created, and appears in your working folder.
  +
  +
====Projecting a DEM into a New Coordinate System====
  +
  +
:1) Right click on the raster in the Foreign Collection folder, and select Properties.
  +
  +
[[File:ApplyCoordSystem_1.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 19 - Path to find properties of a raster''
  +
  +
  +
::* Again, the Properties of Raster Map window will open.
  +
  +
:2) Click the yellow GeoReference folder.
  +
  +
[[File:ApplyCoordSystem_2.png|500px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 20 - Properties of Raster Map window with arrow pointing to yellow GeoReference folder''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Create Georeference window will open.
  +
  +
:3) Click down-arrow for the Coordinate System menu. Select your new coordinate system from this list.
  +
  +
[[File:ApplyCoordSystem_3.png|500px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 21 - Create Georeference window with Coordinate System menu open''
  +
  +
  +
:4) Press OK in the Create Georeference window. Then, Press OK in the Properties of Raster Map window.
  +
  +
::* Now the raster map has been projected into the new coordinate system.
   
 
===Fill Sinks in a DEM===
  
===Fill Sinks in a DEM===
   
−
Fills should be run on DEMs to remove any local depressions, which can cause inaccuracies in following hydrological anlyses.
+
Fills should be run on DEMs to remove any local depressions, which can cause inaccuracies in following hydrological analyses.
   
 
Within ILWIS there are two Fill Methods:
  
Within ILWIS there are two Fill Methods:
Line 103: Line 220:
 
* Cut terrain – removes the depressions, does not re-assign values to the pixels but removes them entirely from the DEM
  
* Cut terrain – removes the depressions, does not re-assign values to the pixels but removes them entirely from the DEM
   
  +
More information on this operation can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/fill_sinks_functionality.htm ILWIS Fill Sinks] web page.
−
====Steps====
  
   
  +
:1) Right click on the raster layer in which the sinks have been filled, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Fill Sinks.
−
1) Under '''Operations''' select '''Flow Determination''' then '''Fill Sinks'''
  
   
−
[[File:Fill Sinks path.png]]
 +
[[File:FillSinks_DropdownMenu.png|500px]]
   
−
''Figure ?? - Path to find Fill Sink operation''
 +
''Figure 22 - Path to the Fill Sink operation''
   
−
2) A '''Fill Sinks''' window will open
  
   
−
[[File:ILWIS fill sinks window.png|400px]]
 +
::* The Fill Sinks window will open
   
  +
[[File:FillSinks_Options.png|300px]]
−
''Figure ?? - Fill Sinks window''
  
   
  +
''Figure 23 - Fill Sinks window''
−
3) Input the DEM and decide which Fill method to use (Fill Sinks method was used for the purpose of this tutorial), finally name the output DEM.
 
   
−
4) A new DEM will depression filled will be created and added to the working folder
  
   
  +
:2) Choose a method to fill sinks (in this case, fill sinks was selected).
−
[[File:Fill Sink DEM.png|700px]]
  
  +
  +
:3) Name the output raster with sinks filled, and click Show.
  +
  +
::* A pop-up window called the Progress Manager will open after any operation is initiated. This window tracks the progress of the operation being using a status bar that shows the status of the operation.
  +
  +
[[File:Progress_Manager.png|500px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 24 - Progress Manager window''
  +
  +
  +
:4) Once the operation is completed, the Progress Manager window will close. The raster with sinks filled will save in the foreign collection folder and open in a new window.
  +
  +
[[File:FillSinks_DEM.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 25 - Map of Lake Okanagan with sinks filled''
   
−
''Figure ?? - DEM with Fill Sink applied''
  
   
 
===Flow Direction===
  
===Flow Direction===
   
−
Flow direction depicts a main direction of flow (run-off). The flow direction operation determines into which neighbouring pixel any water from a given pixel would flow. This is determined by a moving 3x3 window for every single pixel, based on its neighbouring pixels height values
 +
Flow direction depicts a main direction of flow (run-off). The flow direction operation determines into which neighbouring pixel any water from a given pixel would flow. This is determined by a moving 3x3 window for every single pixel, based on its neighbouring pixels height values.
   
 
Flow direction can be calculated by two methods:
  
Flow direction can be calculated by two methods:
   
−
* Steepest Slope: finds steepest slope of a central pixel to one of its 8 neighbour pixels
 +
* Steepest Slope: finds steepest slope of a central pixel to one of its 8 neighbouring pixels
 
* Lowest height: finds the neighbouring pixel with the smallest height value
  
* Lowest height: finds the neighbouring pixel with the smallest height value
 
 
−
More information on the methods can be found at this[http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/flow_direction_functionality.htm ILWIS Flow Direction webpage]
 +
More information on the methods can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/flow_direction_functionality.htm ILWIS Flow Direction] web page.
   
  +
:1) Right click on the raster layer in which the sinks have been filled, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Flow Direction
−
====Steps to create a Flow Direction map====
  
   
  +
[[File:FlowDir_DropdownMenu.png |500px]]
−
1) Operations -> Flow Determination -> Flow Direction
  
   
−
[[File:ILWIS Flow Direction Path.png |500px]]
 +
''Figure 26 - Path to the Flow Direction operation ''
   
−
''Figure ?? - Path to Flow Direction ''
  
   
−
[[File:ILWIS Flow Direction Window.png |400px]]
 +
::* The Flow Direction window will open
   
  +
[[File:FlowDir_Options.png |300px]]
−
''Figure ?? - Flow Direction window''
  
   
  +
''Figure 27 - Flow Direction window''
−
2) Input the Fill DEM
  
   
−
3) Choose a flow direction method
  
   
  +
:2) Choose a flow direction method (in this case, steepest slope was selected)
−
4) Click Show
  
   
  +
:3) Name the output flow direction raster, and click Show
−
5) The Flow Direction map will save in the working folder and open in a new window
  
   
  +
:4) The flow direction raster will save in the foreign collection folder and open in a new window
−
[[File:ILWIS Flow Direction Map.png| 800px]]
  
  +
  +
[[File:FlowDir_DEM.png| 800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 28 - Flow Direction map for Lake Okanagan''
   
−
''Figure ?? - Flow Direction Map for Lake Okanagan''
  
   
 
===Flow Accumulation Map===
  
===Flow Accumulation Map===
Line 164: Line 294:
 
Flow Accumulation performs a cumulative count of the number of pixels that would flow into any given cell on the way to an outlet. This operation is commonly used to determine potential drainage patterns of terrain.
 
Flow Accumulation performs a cumulative count of the number of pixels that would flow into any given cell on the way to an outlet. This operation is commonly used to determine potential drainage patterns of terrain.
   
−
Flow Accumulation is calculated from the map created in Flow Direction, counting the number of cells that would drain into outlets based on the flow direciton.
+
Flow Accumulation is calculated from the map created in Flow Direction, counting the number of cells that would drain into outlets based on the flow direction.
 
 
 
More information on the method can be found at this [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/flow_accumulation_functionality.htm ILWIS Flow Accumulation webpage]
  
More information on the method can be found at this [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/flow_accumulation_functionality.htm ILWIS Flow Accumulation webpage]
   
  +
:1) Right click on the raster layer in which the flow direction has been calculated, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Flow Accumulation
−
====Steps to create a Flow Accumulation map====
  
   
  +
[[File:FlowAcc_DropdownMenu.png]]
−
1) '''Operations''' -> '''Flow Determination''' -> '''Flow Accumulation'''
  
   
−
[[File:ILWIS Flow Accumulation path.png]]
 +
''Figure 29 - Path to the Flow Accumulation operation''
   
−
''Figure ?? - Path to find Flow Accumulation function''
  
   
−
[[File:ILWIS Flow Accumulation winodw.png]]
 +
::* The Flow Accumulation window will open
   
  +
[[File:FlowAcc_Options.png]]
−
''Figure ?? - Flow Accumulation window''
  
   
−
2) Input '''Flow Direction Map''' and name the output Flow Accumulation map
 +
''Figure 30 - Flow Accumulation window''
   
−
3) Click '''Show'''
  
   
−
[[File:ILWIS Flow Accumulation Map.png| 800px]]
 +
:2) Name the output Flow Accumulation raster, and click Show
   
  +
:3) The flow accumulation raster will save in the foreign collection folder and open in a new window
−
*The output map will appear to be almost one uniform colour. If you use the zoom tool [[File:ILWIS zoom tool.png]] you can see more defined stream networks (Figure ??).
 
−
* Legend values can be seen by expanding the menu on the left of the map int the map window
  
   
−
[[File:Zoomed in flow ILWIS flow accumulation.png |800px]]
 +
[[File:FlowAcc_DEM.png| 800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 31 - Flow Accumulation map for Lake Okanagan''
  +
  +
  +
::*The output map will appear to be almost one uniform colour. If you use the zoom-in tool [[File:ILWIS zoom tool.png]] you can see more defined stream networks.
  +
  +
::* Legend values can be seen by expanding the menu on the left of the map in the map window
  +
  +
[[File:FlowAcc_ZoomDEM.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 32 - Zoomed in view of flow in the Lake Okanagan Flow Accumulation map''
   
−
''Figure ?? - Zoomed in view of a flow in the Lake Okanagan Flow Accumulation map''
  
   
 
===Drainage Network===
  
===Drainage Network===
Line 197: Line 334:
 
====Drainage Network Extraction====
  
====Drainage Network Extraction====
   
−
'''Drainage Network Extraction''' extracts a drainage network map. The map is boolean and will illustrate the drainage as pixels with value True, while all other pixels have value of False. The pixel value is determined by the '''Flow Accumulation Map''' and a threshold value. The threshold value in this operation is the minimum value required for a flow to be considered True in a drainage network, all cells with a value lower than the threshold will be classified as False.
+
The '''Drainage Network Extraction''' operation extracts a drainage network map. The map is boolean and will illustrate the drainage as pixels with value True, while all other pixels have value of False. The pixel value is determined by the '''Flow Accumulation Map''' and a threshold value. The threshold value in this operation is the minimum value required for a flow to be considered True in a drainage network, all cells with a value lower than the threshold will be classified as False.
   
 
More information on the operation can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/drainage_network_extraction.htm Drainage Network Extraction webpage]
  
More information on the operation can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/drainage_network_extraction.htm Drainage Network Extraction webpage]
−
=====Steps=====
  
   
−
1) '''DEM hydro-processing''' -> '''Network and Catchment Extraction''' -> '''Drainage Network Extraction'''
 +
:1) Right click on the raster layer in which the flow accumulation has been calculated, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Drainage Network Extraction
   
−
[[File:Drainage network extraction path.png |500px]]
 +
[[File:DrainNetExtract_DropdownMenu.png |500px]]
   
−
''Figure ?? - Path to find Network Extraction operation''
 +
''Figure 33 - Path to the Drainage Network Extraction operation''
   
−
[[File:Drainage Network Window ILWIS.png|400px]]
  
   
−
''Figure ?? - Drainage Network Extraction window''
 +
::* The Drainage Network Extraction window will open
   
  +
[[File:DrainNetExtract_Options.png|400px]]
−
2) Input '''Flow Accumulation map'''
 
   
  +
'Figure 34 - Drainage Network Extraction window''
−
3) Determine desired threshold value
 
   
−
4) Name the '''Drainage Network'''
  
   
  +
:2) Determine desired threshold value (in this case, 10000 was the threshold)
−
5) Click Show
  
   
  +
:3) Name the output drainage network raster, and click Show
−
6) New Drainage Network map with all streams that meet the threshold value will open
  
   
  +
:4) The drainage network map containing all streams that meet the threshold value will open
−
[[File:Drainage Network Extraction Map ILWIS.png| 800px]]
  
   
  +
[[File:DrainNetExtract_Dem.png| 800px]]
−
''Figure ?? - Drainage Network map of Lake Okanagan region''
  
   
−
[[File:Drainage Network Extraction Map ZOOM ILWIS.png|800px]]
 +
''Figure 35 - Drainage Network map of Lake Okanagan region''
  +
  +
  +
::* Again, using the zoom-in tool will allow you to see the drainage network more clearly
  +
  +
[[File:DrainNetExtract_ZoomDEM.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 36 - Drainage Network map of Lake Okanagan region zoomed in''
   
−
''Figure ?? - Drainage Network map of Lake Okanagan region zoomed in''
  
   
 
====Drainage Network Ordering====
  
====Drainage Network Ordering====
   
−
'''Drainage Network Odering''' operation finds all drainage line in the '''Drainage Network''' and their nodes, and applies a unique ID to each stream.
+
The '''Drainage Network Ordering''' operation finds all drainage lines and nodes in the '''Drainage Network''', and applies a unique ID to each stream.
   
−
Drainage Network Ordering rewuires the input of:
 +
Drainage Network Ordering requires the input of:
   
−
* Fill DEM
 +
* A Filled DEM;
−
* Flow Direction Map
 +
* A Flow Direction Map; and,
−
* Drainage Network Map
 +
* A Extracted Drainage Network Map.
   
−
More information on the operation can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/drainage_network_ordering.htm Drainage Network Ordering webpage]
 +
More information on the operation can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/drainage_network_ordering.htm Drainage Network Ordering webpage].
   
  +
----
−
=====Steps=====
  
   
  +
''' Please note: In version 3.8.5 of ILWIS, the Drainage Network Order operation did not produce any values in the attribute table. Therefore, the drainage network order was not produced. I have chosen to include Figure 39 and 40 to provide an example of what ''should'' have happened in the event that an update is provided for ILWIS 3 in the future, and this operation is debugged.'''
−
1) '''DEM hydro-processing''' -> '''Network and Catchment Extraction''' -> '''Drainage Network Ordering'''
  
   
  +
----
−
2) Input '''Fill DEM''', '''Flow Direction Map''', and '''Drainage Network Map'''
  
   
  +
:1) Right click on the raster layer in which the sinks have been filled, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Drainage Network Ordering.
−
[[File:Drain net order.png |400px]]
  
   
  +
[[File:DrainNetOrder_DropdownMenu.png |500px]]
−
''Figure ?? - Drainage Network Ordering Window''
  
   
  +
''Figure 37 - Path to the Drainage Network Ordering operation''
−
3) Determine minimum drainage length
  
−
* Minimum drainage length determines the minimum length a drainage line in the '''Drainage Netowrk''' map that can be assigned an unique ID
  
   
  +
−
4) Name the output map
  
  +
::* The Drainage Network Ordering window will open.
  +
  +
:2) Input the previously created flow direction map, the extracted drainage network map, and name the output raster map.
  +
  +
[[File:DrainNetOrder_Options.png |300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 38 - Drainage Network Ordering Window''
  +
  +
  +
:3) Input a value for the minimum drainage length (in this case, 1000). Press Show.
  +
  +
::* Minimum drainage length determines the minimum length a drainage line in the extracted drainage network map that can be assigned an unique ID.
  +
  +
::* The output drainage network order map will open.
   
 
[[File:Drainage Network Ordering output map.png|800px]]
  
[[File:Drainage Network Ordering output map.png|800px]]
   
−
''Figure ?? - Drainage Network Ordering output map''
 +
''Figure 39 - Drainage Network Ordering output map''
   
  +
−
Output consists of both a map and a Table. The table lists all the ''streams'' with ID values, coordinates, lengths, slope of drainage. This can be seen in Figure ??
  
  +
Output consists of both a map and a Table. The table lists all the ''streams'' with ID values, coordinates, lengths, slope of drainage. This can be seen in Figure 40.
   
 
[[File:Drainage network Order.png|900px]]
  
[[File:Drainage network Order.png|900px]]
   
−
''Figure ?? - Drainge Netowrk Order output table''
 +
''Figure 40 - Drainage Network Order output table''
   
  +
−
===Catchment Merging===
  
−
===Flow Length===
 +
===DEM Visualization===
  +
  +
The '''DEM Visualization''' operation creates a colour composite raster by creating three shadow maps (from the West, North-West, and North directions). These shadow maps are then laid over one another, and the colour composite is created. Used in combination with the filled DEM, the relief of the area of interest can be examined.
  +
  +
More information on the DEM Visualization operation can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/dem_visualization.htm DEM Visualization] web page.
  +
  +
:1) Click on Operations --> DEM hydro-processing --> DEM Visualization
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_DropdownMenu.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 41 - Path to DEM Visualization operation''
  +
  +
  +
::* The DEM Visualization window will open.
  +
  +
:2) Input the filled DEM as the input DEM, and name the output map. Click OK.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_Options.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 42 - The DEM Visualization window''
  +
  +
  +
::* The DEM Visualization raster map will open.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_DEM.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 43 - The DEM Visualization raster map''
  +
  +
  +
:3) Click Layers --> Add Layer.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_AddLayer.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 44 - Path to add a layer on a raster''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Add Data Layer window will open.
  +
  +
:4) Select the filled DEM to add it as a layer on your map. Press OK.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_LayerOptions.png|500px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 45 - The Add Data Layer window''
  +
  +
  +
::* The filled DEM layer will appear on top of the DEM visualization layer.
  +
  +
:5) Expand the information about the filled DEM layer on the left-side of the screen by pressing the + button beside the layer name. Then expand the Display Tools option. Next, expand the Portrayal option.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_Expand2.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 46 - The expanded options for the filled DEM layer''
  +
  +
  +
:6) Double-click on Representation and change the Representation to Green-Brown. Click Apply, then Close.
  +
  +
::* The Set Representation window will open.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_SetRep.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 47 - The Set Representation window''
  +
  +
  +
:7) Double-click on the Transparency options for the filled DEM layer on the left-side of the screen.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_Transpar.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 48 - Location of the Transparency option on the left toolbar''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Transparency window will open.
  +
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_SetTranspar.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 49 - The Transparency window''
  +
  +
  +
:8) Change the transparency by dragging the pointer to 70, or by typing 70 into the box. Press Apply, then Close.
  +
  +
::* The final visualized DEM is now ready. This layer now shows clearly the hydrological features of the location of interest.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_FinalDEM.png|800px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 50 - The final visualized DEM raster map''
  +
  +
----
  +
  +
''' At this point, the Strahler stream order could be added as an addition layer to definitively show the hydrological features according to the analyses completed before. Because this version of ILWIS is unable to complete the Drainage Network Order operation, this is not included in this tutorial. However, step-by-step instructions for adding this layer as well can be found at [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/dem_visualization.htm this] web page. '''
  +
  +
----
  +
  +
:9) To save the this visualization of the area of interest, press File --> Save View As.
  +
  +
::* The Save View As window will open.
  +
  +
:10) Enter a name for your map file, and a title. Click OK.
  +
  +
[[File:DEMVisualization_SaveOptions.png|300px]]
  +
  +
''Figure 50 - The Save View As window''
  +
  +
  +
::* The view will be saved in the working folder for the analysis.
  +
  +
===Overland Flow Length===
  +
  +
The '''Overland Flow Length''' operation measures the overland distance towards the 'nearest' drainage location for each pixel based on flow paths available from the '''Flow Direction Map'''. This will create a map showing the distance a flow must travel to reach the outlet of a given watershed.
  +
  +
More information on Overland Flow Length that can be found at the [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/overland_flow_length.htm ILWIS Overland Flow Length webpage]
  +
  +
----
  +
  +
''' Please note: In version 3.8.5 of ILWIS, the Drainage Network Order operation did not produce any values in the attribute table. Therefore, the drainage network order was not produced. I have chosen to include the figures below to provide an example of what ''should'' have happened in the event that an update is provided for ILWIS 3 in the future, and this operation is debugged.'''
  +
  +
----
  +
  +
:1) Right click on the DEM layer in which the drainage network order has been calculated, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Overland Flow Length'''
  +
  +
[[File:OverlandFlowLength_DropdownMenu.png]]
  +
  +
''Figure 51 - Path to the Overland Flow Length operation''
  +
  +
  +
::* The Overland Flow Length window will open
  +
  +
[[File:OverlandFlowLength_DropdownMenu.png]]
  +
  +
''Figure 52 - Overland Flow Length window''
  +
  +
  +
:2) Input the raster in which flow direction has been calculated as the Flow Direction Map, and name the output raster. Click Show.
  +
  +
[[File:FLow length map ILWIS.png]]
  +
  +
''Figure 53 - Flow length in metres map for Lake Okanagan region''
  +
  +
  +
The output map will show the different sub watershed and the flow length for each cell to reach the outlet.
  +
To determine the flow length of a specific cell, use the normal mouse cursor [[File:ILWIS mouse cursor.png]] and click on the area of interest. The flow length value in metres will appear in the table on the bottom left portion of the screen.
  +
  +
[[File:Specific point value flow length.png]]
  +
  +
''Figure 54 - Flow length for a given point selected with the cursor''
   
 
===Not Covered in this Tutorial===
  
===Not Covered in this Tutorial===
−
This tutorial covers the most basic hydrological tools for a more simple and basic hydrological analysis using ILWIS. Operations that have not been covered but should be considered when desiring a more in-depth and accurate analysis include
 +
This tutorial covers the most basic hydrological tools for a more simple and basic hydrological analysis using ILWIS. Operations that have not been covered but should be considered when desiring a more in-depth and accurate analysis include:
  +
  +
* Flow Modification
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/dem_optimization_functionality.htm DEM Optimization]
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/topological_optimization_functionality.htm Topological Optimization]
  +
* [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/variable_threshold_computation_functionality.htm Variable Threshold Computation]
  +
*Network and Catchment Extraction
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/catchment_extraction_functionality.htm Catchment Extraction]
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/catchment_merge_functionality.htm Watershed Merge]
  +
* Compound Parameter Extraction
  +
** Flow Length to Outlet
  +
** Flow Path Longitudinal Profile
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/compound_parameter_extraction.htm Compound Index Calculation] (includes the Wetness Index, Stream Power Index, and Sediment Transport Index)
  +
* Statistical Parameter Extraction
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/horton_statistics_functionality.htm Horton Statistics]
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/aggregate_statistics.htm Aggregate Statistics]
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/cumulative_hypsometric_curve.htm Cumulative Hypsometric Curve]
  +
** [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwisapp/class_coverage_statistics.htm Class Coverage Statistics]
  +
  +
===Additional Resources===
  +
  +
For additional assistance, a beginner User Guide for ILWIS can be obtained at the [https://52north.org/software/software-projects/ilwis/ilwis-3/user-guide/ 52 North Website]
   
  +
Additional information on ILWIS operations can be found in this [http://spatial-analyst.net/ILWIS/htm/ilwis/appendices_ilwis_operations.htm ILWIS Operations Appendices]
−
* DEM Optimization
 
−
* Topological Optimization
  
−
* Compound Index Calculation
  
−
* Wetness Index
  
−
* Stream Power Index
  
−
* Sediment Transport Index
  
−
*Statistics
  
−
* Horton statistics
  
−
* Aggregate statistics
  
−
* Cumulative hypsometric curve
  
−
* Class coverage statistics
  
   
 
==Conclusion==
  
==Conclusion==
   
−
This tutorial showed the steps required to run a hydrological analyses using a DEM in ILWIS software. GQIS was used to reproject the DEM, and ILWIS software was used to run the hydrological analysis on the Lake Okanagan region. This tutorial should allow for basic hydrological analysis using ILWIS and a DEM of the study region. For a more in-depth analysis look into the topics '''not covered in this tutorial'''.
 +
This tutorial showed the steps required to run some hydrological analyses using a DEM in ILWIS software. ILWIS software was used to reproject the DEM and run the hydrological analysis on the Lake Okanagan region. This tutorial should allow for basic hydrological analysis using ILWIS and a DEM of the study region. For a more in-depth analysis look into the topics '''not covered in this tutorial'''.
   
 
==References==
  
==References==
   
  +
ILWIS Software [https://52north.org/software/software-projects/ilwis/ ILWIS Software homepage]
−
*52 North
  
   
  +
Natural Resources Canada [http://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html Geospatial Data Extraction Tool]
−
http://52north.org/communities/ilwis
  

Latest revision as of 19:32, 28 October 2019

Purpose

ILWIS Logo

This Wiki tutorial has been produced for the purpose of exploring and describing the methods used for hydrological analyses in ILWIS (a FOSS4G program). The objective of this tutorial is to provide users with a better understanding of how the hydrological analyses within ILWIS works, in addition to providing the instructions necessary to reach the desired output for their study region. Additionally, this tutorial will allow for comparison of ILWIS and SAGA GIS, using the same data for analysis as the Exploring Hydrological Analyses using SAGA GIS tutorial from 2013.

This project will focus on hydrological analysis of Okanagan Lake, a popular tourist destination in British Columbia, Canada. The tutorial will cover topics such as filling sinks, flow direction, DEM visualization and drainage network mapping through the use of ILWIS hydrological analysis tools.

Introduction to ILWIS

ILWIS stands for "Integrated Land and Water Information System". It is an open source Geographic Information System software program that was designed to be a user-friendly integrated software that contains both raster and vector processing capabilities, allowing for both analyses on remotely sensed images, vector maps and numerous spatial modeling abilities. ILWIS was developed by the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) in The Netherlands. This tutorial will focus on its ability to use Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to run hydrological analyses of a study region. More information about this product can be found on the ILWIS Website

Methods

Software Download and Installation

ILWIS 3.8.5 can be downloaded for free from the GitHub page for 52 North. This is the most recent version of ILWIS 3 and was released on September 3, 2015. Since the release of this version, the ITC has released ILWIS 4. It is likely that new versions of ILWIS 3 will eventually stop being released, as the capabilities of ILWIS 4 become greater. More information about ILWIS 4 can be found on the ILWIS 4 website.

Data Sourcing

In order to carry out this exercise, a DEM of the area of interest is needed. For this project an open data DEM was obtained using the Geospatial Data Extraction Tool created by Natural Resources Canada.

Digital Elevation Models for locations outside of Canada can be obtained using the EarthExplorer Tool created by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).

Starting ILWIS

Before starting any analysis, create a working folder and ensure all data needed are in this folder. Keeping all your data in one folder makes analyses easier.

  • Ensure that ILWIS 3.8.5 is properly installed on your computer
  • Locate ILWIS from the program list and double click on the icon to launch program
  • ILWIS main page will open
  • Use the ILWIS Navigator Tab to locate your working folder. The Navigator lists all drivers and directories.

ILWIS Interface2.png

Figure 1: Screenshot of ILWIS Interface


Importing a DEM

Before any analysis can be completed, a DEM of the region of interest must be imported into ILWIS.

1) Click Operations --> Import/Export --> GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library)

ImportDEM 1.png

Figure 2 - Finding the import tool in ILWIS


  • An Import window will open

ImportDEM 2.png

Figure 3 - ILWIS import window


2) Click to the DEM you want to import and ensure that the import format is set to Use GDAL.
3) Give your Output DEM a name and click OK.
  • The new DEM (compatible in ILWIS) will save in your working directory
4) To view your DEM double-click on the DEM to open the Foreign Collection window.

ForeignCollectionWindow.png

Figure 4 - ILWIS foreign collection window


5) In the foreign collection window, double-click on the raster layer icon to open the DEM.
ForeignCollectionWindow2.png
Figure 5 - ILWIS raster icon


  • The raster you have imported will open

OpenMap 2.png

Figure 6 - Projected DEM of Lake Okanagan in ILWIS software


Projecting a DEM

In this version of ILWIS 3, you are able to change the projection of the DEM without problems. This step is important, especially when working with data from multiple sources as they will often not use the same projection. The following steps explain how to find the current projection of the DEM, create a new projection, and then change the projection of the existing DEM.

(note: For the following hydrological analyses, the coordinate system chosen needs to be in planar coordinates (units of metres), not in polar coordinates (units of degrees))

Determining the Current Coordinate System

1) Right click on the raster, and select Properties.

CurrentCoordSystem 1.1.png

Figure 7 - Path to find properties of a raster


  • The Properties of Raster Map window will open. Read the line that says: Coordinate System (see Figure 8 below).
  • This tells you which Coordinate System file is currently being used by the raster. In this example, the Coordinate System file called "dem" is being used.

CurrentCoordSystem 2.111.png

Figure 8 - Properties of Raster Map window with arrow pointing to the current Coordinate System in use


2) Close the Properties of Raster Map window.
3) Right click on the coordinate system in use by the raster, and select Properties.
CurrentCoordSystem 3.png
Figure 9 - ILWIS coordinate system icon

CurrentCoordSystem 1.png

Figure 10 - Path to find properties of a coordinate system


  • The Properties of Coordinate System LatLon window will open.
  • This tells you which coordinate system is current being used by the Coordinate System file and the raster. In this example, the reference coordinate system being used is WGS 1984.

CurrentCoordSystem 2.png

Figure 11 - Properties of Coordinate System LatLon window


Creating a New Coordinate System

1) Click File --> Create --> Coordinate System

CreateCoordSystem 1.png

Figure 12 - Path to find properties of a coordinate system


  • The Create Coordinate System window will open.

CreateCoordSystem 2.png

Figure 13 - Create Coordinate System window


2) Input a name for the new coordinate system, and select CoordSystem Projection. Press OK.
  • The Coordinate System Projection window will open. Click Projection.

CreateCoordSystem 3.png

Figure 14 - Coordinate System Projection window


  • The Select Projection window will open.

CreateCoordSystem 4.png

Figure 15 - Select Projection window


3) Double-click the projection you would like to use from the list. In this case the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection was selected.
  • The Coordinate System Projection window will open again, this time with more options.

CreateCoordSystem 8.png

Figure 16 - Updated Coordinate System Projection window


4) Click Datum.
  • The Select Datum window will open.

CreateCoordSystem 6.png

Figure 17 - Select Datum window


5) Choose the geodetic datum coordinate system from the list, and the Area for the datum if available. In this case, North American 1983 (NAD 83) and the Canada was selected as the area.
  • Again, the Coordinate System Projection window will open, this time with more changes.

CreateCoordSystem 7.png

Figure 18 - Second updated Coordinate System Projection window


6) Check the Northern Hemisphere option (if applicable), and enter UTM zone that your area of interest is located in. In this case, Okanagan Lake is located in UTM zone 11.
  • If you are unsure of the UTM zone your area of interest is located within, you can go to this website. Here, you are able to enter a location and the UTM zone will be provided on the map.
7) Click OK. Now the new coordinate system has been created, and appears in your working folder.

Projecting a DEM into a New Coordinate System

1) Right click on the raster in the Foreign Collection folder, and select Properties.

ApplyCoordSystem 1.png

Figure 19 - Path to find properties of a raster


  • Again, the Properties of Raster Map window will open.
2) Click the yellow GeoReference folder.

ApplyCoordSystem 2.png

Figure 20 - Properties of Raster Map window with arrow pointing to yellow GeoReference folder


  • The Create Georeference window will open.
3) Click down-arrow for the Coordinate System menu. Select your new coordinate system from this list.

ApplyCoordSystem 3.png

Figure 21 - Create Georeference window with Coordinate System menu open


4) Press OK in the Create Georeference window. Then, Press OK in the Properties of Raster Map window.
  • Now the raster map has been projected into the new coordinate system.

Fill Sinks in a DEM

Fills should be run on DEMs to remove any local depressions, which can cause inaccuracies in following hydrological analyses.

Within ILWIS there are two Fill Methods:

  • Fill Sinks – removes depressions that consist of a single pixel and depressions that consist of multiple pixels. These pixels will then be given the smallest value of adjacent pixels.
  • Cut terrain – removes the depressions, does not re-assign values to the pixels but removes them entirely from the DEM

More information on this operation can be found at the ILWIS Fill Sinks web page.

1) Right click on the raster layer in which the sinks have been filled, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Fill Sinks.

FillSinks DropdownMenu.png

Figure 22 - Path to the Fill Sink operation


  • The Fill Sinks window will open

FillSinks Options.png

Figure 23 - Fill Sinks window


2) Choose a method to fill sinks (in this case, fill sinks was selected).
3) Name the output raster with sinks filled, and click Show.
  • A pop-up window called the Progress Manager will open after any operation is initiated. This window tracks the progress of the operation being using a status bar that shows the status of the operation.

Progress Manager.png

Figure 24 - Progress Manager window


4) Once the operation is completed, the Progress Manager window will close. The raster with sinks filled will save in the foreign collection folder and open in a new window.

FillSinks DEM.png

Figure 25 - Map of Lake Okanagan with sinks filled


Flow Direction

Flow direction depicts a main direction of flow (run-off). The flow direction operation determines into which neighbouring pixel any water from a given pixel would flow. This is determined by a moving 3x3 window for every single pixel, based on its neighbouring pixels height values.

Flow direction can be calculated by two methods:

  • Steepest Slope: finds steepest slope of a central pixel to one of its 8 neighbouring pixels
  • Lowest height: finds the neighbouring pixel with the smallest height value

More information on the methods can be found at the ILWIS Flow Direction web page.

1) Right click on the raster layer in which the sinks have been filled, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Flow Direction

FlowDir DropdownMenu.png

Figure 26 - Path to the Flow Direction operation


  • The Flow Direction window will open

FlowDir Options.png

Figure 27 - Flow Direction window


2) Choose a flow direction method (in this case, steepest slope was selected)
3) Name the output flow direction raster, and click Show
4) The flow direction raster will save in the foreign collection folder and open in a new window

FlowDir DEM.png

Figure 28 - Flow Direction map for Lake Okanagan


Flow Accumulation Map

Flow Accumulation performs a cumulative count of the number of pixels that would flow into any given cell on the way to an outlet. This operation is commonly used to determine potential drainage patterns of terrain.

Flow Accumulation is calculated from the map created in Flow Direction, counting the number of cells that would drain into outlets based on the flow direction.

More information on the method can be found at this ILWIS Flow Accumulation webpage

1) Right click on the raster layer in which the flow direction has been calculated, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Flow Accumulation

FlowAcc DropdownMenu.png

Figure 29 - Path to the Flow Accumulation operation


  • The Flow Accumulation window will open

FlowAcc Options.png

Figure 30 - Flow Accumulation window


2) Name the output Flow Accumulation raster, and click Show
3) The flow accumulation raster will save in the foreign collection folder and open in a new window

FlowAcc DEM.png

Figure 31 - Flow Accumulation map for Lake Okanagan


  • The output map will appear to be almost one uniform colour. If you use the zoom-in tool ILWIS zoom tool.png you can see more defined stream networks.
  • Legend values can be seen by expanding the menu on the left of the map in the map window

FlowAcc ZoomDEM.png

Figure 32 - Zoomed in view of flow in the Lake Okanagan Flow Accumulation map


Drainage Network

Drainage Network Extraction

The Drainage Network Extraction operation extracts a drainage network map. The map is boolean and will illustrate the drainage as pixels with value True, while all other pixels have value of False. The pixel value is determined by the Flow Accumulation Map and a threshold value. The threshold value in this operation is the minimum value required for a flow to be considered True in a drainage network, all cells with a value lower than the threshold will be classified as False.

More information on the operation can be found at the Drainage Network Extraction webpage

1) Right click on the raster layer in which the flow accumulation has been calculated, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Drainage Network Extraction

DrainNetExtract DropdownMenu.png

Figure 33 - Path to the Drainage Network Extraction operation


  • The Drainage Network Extraction window will open

DrainNetExtract Options.png

'Figure 34 - Drainage Network Extraction window


2) Determine desired threshold value (in this case, 10000 was the threshold)
3) Name the output drainage network raster, and click Show
4) The drainage network map containing all streams that meet the threshold value will open

DrainNetExtract Dem.png

Figure 35 - Drainage Network map of Lake Okanagan region


  • Again, using the zoom-in tool will allow you to see the drainage network more clearly

DrainNetExtract ZoomDEM.png

Figure 36 - Drainage Network map of Lake Okanagan region zoomed in


Drainage Network Ordering

The Drainage Network Ordering operation finds all drainage lines and nodes in the Drainage Network, and applies a unique ID to each stream.

Drainage Network Ordering requires the input of:

  • A Filled DEM;
  • A Flow Direction Map; and,
  • A Extracted Drainage Network Map.

More information on the operation can be found at the Drainage Network Ordering webpage.

Please note: In version 3.8.5 of ILWIS, the Drainage Network Order operation did not produce any values in the attribute table. Therefore, the drainage network order was not produced. I have chosen to include Figure 39 and 40 to provide an example of what should have happened in the event that an update is provided for ILWIS 3 in the future, and this operation is debugged.

1) Right click on the raster layer in which the sinks have been filled, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Drainage Network Ordering.

DrainNetOrder DropdownMenu.png

Figure 37 - Path to the Drainage Network Ordering operation


  • The Drainage Network Ordering window will open.
2) Input the previously created flow direction map, the extracted drainage network map, and name the output raster map.

DrainNetOrder Options.png

Figure 38 - Drainage Network Ordering Window


3) Input a value for the minimum drainage length (in this case, 1000). Press Show.
  • Minimum drainage length determines the minimum length a drainage line in the extracted drainage network map that can be assigned an unique ID.
  • The output drainage network order map will open.

Drainage Network Ordering output map.png

Figure 39 - Drainage Network Ordering output map


Output consists of both a map and a Table. The table lists all the streams with ID values, coordinates, lengths, slope of drainage. This can be seen in Figure 40.

Drainage network Order.png

Figure 40 - Drainage Network Order output table


DEM Visualization

The DEM Visualization operation creates a colour composite raster by creating three shadow maps (from the West, North-West, and North directions). These shadow maps are then laid over one another, and the colour composite is created. Used in combination with the filled DEM, the relief of the area of interest can be examined.

More information on the DEM Visualization operation can be found at the DEM Visualization web page.

1) Click on Operations --> DEM hydro-processing --> DEM Visualization

DEMVisualization DropdownMenu.png

Figure 41 - Path to DEM Visualization operation


  • The DEM Visualization window will open.
2) Input the filled DEM as the input DEM, and name the output map. Click OK.

DEMVisualization Options.png

Figure 42 - The DEM Visualization window


  • The DEM Visualization raster map will open.

DEMVisualization DEM.png

Figure 43 - The DEM Visualization raster map


3) Click Layers --> Add Layer.

DEMVisualization AddLayer.png

Figure 44 - Path to add a layer on a raster


  • The Add Data Layer window will open.
4) Select the filled DEM to add it as a layer on your map. Press OK.

DEMVisualization LayerOptions.png

Figure 45 - The Add Data Layer window


  • The filled DEM layer will appear on top of the DEM visualization layer.
5) Expand the information about the filled DEM layer on the left-side of the screen by pressing the + button beside the layer name. Then expand the Display Tools option. Next, expand the Portrayal option.

DEMVisualization Expand2.png

Figure 46 - The expanded options for the filled DEM layer


6) Double-click on Representation and change the Representation to Green-Brown. Click Apply, then Close.
  • The Set Representation window will open.

DEMVisualization SetRep.png

Figure 47 - The Set Representation window


7) Double-click on the Transparency options for the filled DEM layer on the left-side of the screen.

DEMVisualization Transpar.png

Figure 48 - Location of the Transparency option on the left toolbar


  • The Transparency window will open.


DEMVisualization SetTranspar.png

Figure 49 - The Transparency window


8) Change the transparency by dragging the pointer to 70, or by typing 70 into the box. Press Apply, then Close.
  • The final visualized DEM is now ready. This layer now shows clearly the hydrological features of the location of interest.

DEMVisualization FinalDEM.png

Figure 50 - The final visualized DEM raster map

At this point, the Strahler stream order could be added as an addition layer to definitively show the hydrological features according to the analyses completed before. Because this version of ILWIS is unable to complete the Drainage Network Order operation, this is not included in this tutorial. However, step-by-step instructions for adding this layer as well can be found at this web page.

9) To save the this visualization of the area of interest, press File --> Save View As.
  • The Save View As window will open.
10) Enter a name for your map file, and a title. Click OK.

DEMVisualization SaveOptions.png

Figure 50 - The Save View As window


  • The view will be saved in the working folder for the analysis.

Overland Flow Length

The Overland Flow Length operation measures the overland distance towards the 'nearest' drainage location for each pixel based on flow paths available from the Flow Direction Map. This will create a map showing the distance a flow must travel to reach the outlet of a given watershed.

More information on Overland Flow Length that can be found at the ILWIS Overland Flow Length webpage

Please note: In version 3.8.5 of ILWIS, the Drainage Network Order operation did not produce any values in the attribute table. Therefore, the drainage network order was not produced. I have chosen to include the figures below to provide an example of what should have happened in the event that an update is provided for ILWIS 3 in the future, and this operation is debugged.

1) Right click on the DEM layer in which the drainage network order has been calculated, and select DEM Hydro-processing --> Overland Flow Length

OverlandFlowLength DropdownMenu.png

Figure 51 - Path to the Overland Flow Length operation


  • The Overland Flow Length window will open

OverlandFlowLength DropdownMenu.png

Figure 52 - Overland Flow Length window


2) Input the raster in which flow direction has been calculated as the Flow Direction Map, and name the output raster. Click Show.

FLow length map ILWIS.png

Figure 53 - Flow length in metres map for Lake Okanagan region


The output map will show the different sub watershed and the flow length for each cell to reach the outlet. To determine the flow length of a specific cell, use the normal mouse cursor ILWIS mouse cursor.png and click on the area of interest. The flow length value in metres will appear in the table on the bottom left portion of the screen.

Specific point value flow length.png

Figure 54 - Flow length for a given point selected with the cursor

Not Covered in this Tutorial

This tutorial covers the most basic hydrological tools for a more simple and basic hydrological analysis using ILWIS. Operations that have not been covered but should be considered when desiring a more in-depth and accurate analysis include:

Additional Resources

For additional assistance, a beginner User Guide for ILWIS can be obtained at the 52 North Website

Additional information on ILWIS operations can be found in this ILWIS Operations Appendices

Conclusion

This tutorial showed the steps required to run some hydrological analyses using a DEM in ILWIS software. ILWIS software was used to reproject the DEM and run the hydrological analysis on the Lake Okanagan region. This tutorial should allow for basic hydrological analysis using ILWIS and a DEM of the study region. For a more in-depth analysis look into the topics not covered in this tutorial.

References

ILWIS Software ILWIS Software homepage

Natural Resources Canada Geospatial Data Extraction Tool

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