Exploring a subset of SAGA's Terrain Analysis tools

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Purpose

This tutorial focuses on the use of terrain analysis tools found in SAGA. Importing data into SAGA and visualizing the data will be described, and the terrain analysis, specifically plan curvature will be performed within SAGA's basic terrain analysis toolset. The results of the tool will then be analyzed and explained.

This tutorial will cover the steps to extract plan view curvature values from elevation data within SAGA.

Introduction

The plan view curvature function found within the SAGA toolset is important for work in understanding variations in man-made and naturally occurring terrain. This tool can be used in fields such as road safety and maintenance, coastline monitoring, tracking mass wasting events, etc.

Plan curvature by definition is the curvature in a horizontal plane. Positive curvature values indicate a convex contour within a cell, and negative curvature values indicate a concave contour within the cell, with respect to surrounding cells (http://www.et-st.com/et_surface/userguide/Raster/ETG_RasterCurvature.htm).

Software

SAGA is a free and open source program which can be downloaded here: http://www.saga-gis.org/en/index.html

It will run on Windows or Linux operating systems, and within a virtual machine if one wanted to run it on another operating system.

Data

The data used in this tutorial is 1 m elevation data, though any digital elevation model (DEM) will work in this tutorial. Similar data can be found online on sites such as GeoGratis (http://geogratis.gc.ca/geogratis/en/search), and will be free and easily downloadable.

Tutorial

Importing data

To import your data into SAGA you must enter the Tools section and select GDAL/OGR > Import Raster


FileImport.png



Choose your file, and select Okay


Importraster.png

Data visualization

Right click on the data you have just imported and click "Add to Map", the data will now appear in SAGA's view window.


Originaldata.png



To better visualize the change in slope, change the colour symbol by clicking the colour scaling option:


Colourchange1.png



Next click on the Presets button:


Colourchange2.png



Here select the default option:

There are a wide variety of colour scale options here, feel free to explore your options.


Colourchange3.png



Finally select "Apply" and "Save"


Colourchange4.png

Analytical Hillshading

You will find the Analytical Hillshading tool under Terrain Analysis: Lighting, Visibility


Hillshade1.png


Within the tool window, specify the current grid system, as well as the elevation layer with the first imported data, and click execute:


Hillshade2.png


The output file will now appear in the Data tab under Tree. Right click the layer and select "Add to Map":


Hillshade3.png


Next change the transparency to 40% so that both layers are visible and click Apply:


Hillshade5.png


The resulting image should look like this:


Hillshadefinal.png

Basic Terrain Analysis

Within the toolbox, under Terrain Analysis: Morphometry, you will find the Slope, Aspect, Curvature function.


SlopeAspectCurve.png


This is a batch process and it will produce 15 new fields at once. As seen below, enter the current grid system into the first field, the elevation data into the second field, check create for the fields you are interested in and leave the remaining fields set to <notset>:


SlopeAspectCurve2.png


A subset of the results from this function are as follows:


Slope:


SlopeTM.png


Aspect:


AspectTM.png



Profile Curvature:


ProCurveTM.png


Zoomed in profile curvature:

ProCurveZoomin.png

Plan Curvature

The resulting image for Plan Curvature is as follows:


PlanCurveTM.png


Zoomed in plan curvature:

PlanCurveZoomin.png


Vector Terrain Ruggedness

For the following instructions, a digital elevation file of northern Oregon was used.

OregonDEM.PNG


Vector terrain ruggedness is a measure of the ruggedness of terrain, calculated by measuring the dispersion of slope vectors orthogonal to grid cells within a neighbourhood. In effect, this is a measurement of the combined variability in both slope and aspect. Ruggedness ranges between calculated values of 0, representing no terrain variation, to 1, representing complete terrain variation. Vector Terrain Ruggedness is primarily used in the study of animal habitat models [1]

in SAGA GIS, Vector terrain ruggedness is calculated using the Vector Ruggedness Measure tool. It can be found under Terrain Analysis: Morphometry.


Terrain ruggedness selection.PNG


Within the tool window, specify the current grid system and the elevation map to be used for analysis.


TerrainruggednessSettings1.PNG


The resulting ruggedness measurement image is as follows.

OREGONTRugged.PNG

As expected, the ruggedness is highest in areas with high variability in slope and aspect.


Fuzzy Landform Element Classification

For the following instructions, a digital elevation file of Gatineau Park was used.


Gatineau.PNG


The Fuzzy Landform Element Classification tool uses fuzzy logic to approximate landform elements in an area. it is an unsupervised classification method that requires very little computing time compared to methods such as TPI Based Landform Classification. The analysis of landform elements is an important part of the field of geomorphometry [2]

Results

The result of the Plan Curvature function in SAGA is a DEM with a new colour scale isolating the new data. In the plan curvature output blues represent a negative value (concave curvature), and red indicates a positive curvature (convex contour). The striated sections seen above in the output are over water and therefore have no definitive curvature, and are smooth in comparison. These areas could be removed to help the overall effectiveness of the map.

This tool is useful in watershed mapping as well and the small scale variation in curvature seen in the zoomed-in output above shows curvature variation in a low lying area. This information could be used to better understand the watershed and its extent.

Reference

Hengl, T., & Reuter, H. I. (2013). Geomorphometry: concepts, software, applications. Retrieved from https://books.google.ca/books?id=u33ArNw4BacC&lpg=PA227&ots=h9MkkvRK_B&dq=geomorphometry%20landform%20elements&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false

SAGA software: http://www.saga-gis.org/en/index.html

Sappington, J.M., K.M. Longshore, and D.B. Thomson. 2007. Quantifiying Landscape Ruggedness for Animal Habitat Anaysis: A case Study Using Bighorn Sheep in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Wildlife Management. 71(5): 1419 -1429 [3]

GeoGratis: http://geogratis.gc.ca/geogratis/en/search

http://www.et-st.com/et_surface/userguide/Raster/ETG_RasterCurvature.htm

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