View source for Making Maps that Look Great Using QGIS and Inkscape

== Purpose ==
The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate how to edit the appearance of a map made in QGIS by importing it into Inkscape as a scalable vector graphic (SVG).   

== Introduction ==
After reading the purpose you might be asking yourself “Why bother? Are the default settings in QGIS not good enough?”. This introduction will attempt to answer those questions.

The definition of cartography from the International Cartographic Association is “The art, science, and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art. In this context may be regarded as including all types of maps, plans, charts, and sections, three-dimensional models and globes representing the Earth or any celestial body at any scale” (Meyen 1973, 1)

Here is detailed the importance of aesthetics and design in cartography, as it is both an art and science. Although the priority when making a map is conveying the necessary information, improving the aesthetics of the map can significantly improve its quality. Often, attractive design will go hand-inhand with clarity of information. Not only will working on design improve the visual appeal of a map, but it can also help convey the information better. 

Some advantages of a well-designed map include: higher professionality, higher engagement with viewer attention, conveying of information more effectively, and invoking intended impressions from viewers. 

The cartographic community has quite a few online resources to share maps, receive feedback, and browse other creations. Some include:
*[https://www.cartographersguild.com/ www.cartographersguild.com]
*[http://www.cartotalk.com www.cartotalk.com]
*[https://www.maproomblog.com/ www.maproomblog.com]

Principles of design and cartographic design have both been written on extensively. Reading up on these will give you ideas of concepts you should consider while designing your maps. The following are a few links to articles on principles of design:
*[https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/product/mapping/design-principles-for-cartography/ Design Principles for Cartography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022717/https://blog.adobespark.com/2020/10/17/8-basic-design-principles-to-help-you-create-better-graphics/ 8 Basic Principles of Design to Help You Create Awesome Graphics]
*[https://www.axismaps.com/guide/general/labeling/ Labeling and Text Hierarchy in Cartography]
*[https://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0112/make-maps-people-want-to-look-at.html#:~:text=Five%20of%20the%20main%20design,map%20and%20on%20the%20page Make Maps that People Want to Look at]

These offer up some principles that you can use to guide your design. Some more specific cartographic elements that you should consider when creating map layouts are:

*'''Colour''': You should select colours that complement each other, draw attention to the important parts of them map, and convey the intended message. Looking at a colour wheel can help you determine which colours go together, but experimenting to see what looks good also works. Colour can be used in text, backgrounds, fills and outlines of objects, or any other part of a map. A good resource to find colour schemes for maps is [https://colorbrewer2.org/#type=sequential&scheme=BuGn&n=3 Colour Brewer]. This site lets you choose if your data is sequential, diverging or qualitative. 

*'''Text''': Picking the right fonts is important to the design of a map. A font should be legible, look good and fit in with the theme of the map. In addition to default fonts pre-loaded in text editing software, there are many resources online for open-source fonts. A good start is [https://fonts.google.com/ Google Fonts]. To install fonts from here, find one you like, download and unzip it, then right-click the TrueType file for the styles you want and select “Install for all users” (this is how to do it on Windows - check documentation for other operating systems). The font should then be useable in QGIS, Inkscape or any other software. In addition to selecting a font, choosing its size, weight and colour is also important to determine where it stands in the visual hierarchy.

*'''Composition''': The arrangement of the components of your map is integral to the impression it gives the viewer. A map where everything is placed deliberately and effectively will have a sense of balance to its appearance, without which the map will look sloppy. Finding the right composition for a layout requires experimentation, and there is usually more than one possibility for balanced arrangements.

*'''Map Elements''': Each element of a map should be carefully considered. This can include the data frame, title, scale bar, legend, north arrow, inset map, etc. They should be consistent and unified in their appearances to ensure the final product looks cohesive. Editing these in QGIS can be a laborious process, but Inkscape lets you fine-tune them manually, giving you much more control over their appearance and opening up new possibilities.

Hopefully this section has answered the question of “Why bother?” and explained the importance of aesthetics in cartographic design. It should also have given a conceptual basis in map design, that can be used in accompaniment with the technical skills that will be taught in this tutorial, to create maps that look good.

== Software ==
This tutorial will use two different free open source programs; '''QGIS''' and '''Inkscape'''.

If you do not already have QGIS, it can be downloaded [https://qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html here]. Version 3.14.16 will be used in this tutorial, though other versions should work just as well. It will be assumed that the user already has a basic knowledge of QGIS. Detail will not be provided on how to set up a project, or extract data from a shapefile. If you would like to learn more about these things, there are plenty of resources on the internet, including on the [https://qgis.org/en/docs/index.html QGIS website].

The second part of this tutorial will use Inkscape. Inkscape is a free and open-source design software which allows users to work with vector graphics. Transitioning from QGIS to Inkscape will give the user much finer control over the design of the map, but without losing any quality, as it is works with vectors just like QGIS. Using Inkscape, you will be able to manually edit every element of the map. It can be downloaded [https://inkscape.org/release/inkscape-0.92.3/ here].

This tutorial will assume users have little to no experience with Inkscape or QGIS. It will explain some of the tools within these softwares that can be used to improve your map designs. Inkscape has tutorials on their [https://inkscape.org/learn/ website] if you would like more information. QGIS has tutorials on their [https://docs.qgis.org/3.28/en/docs/training_manual/index.html] website. There are also many tutorials to be found elsewhere on the internet for both programs.

== Data ==
In this tutorial users will create a map of Canada, showing the provinces and their capitals. The data for this will come from [https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ Natural Earth]. This is a great place to download free open-source vector or raster files for the entire Earth. Two files will be downloaded from this website, click their names in the list below to download them.

*[https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/50m/cultural/ne_50m_admin_1_states_provinces.zip States and provinces]

*[https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http//www.naturalearthdata.com/download/50m/cultural/ne_50m_populated_places.zip Populated places]

Download the above files, then extract them to the folder where you will store all the data for your QGIS project. Both files cover several countries, so the data for Canada will need to be extracted in QGIS.

== Tutorial ==



=== Setting Up the Map in QGIS ===
Once you have all the software installed and the data downloaded, open QGIS and start a new project. In the project properties set the project home to the folder where you extracted the data, then set the project coordinate reference system to “NAD83/Statistics Canada Lambert” (EPSG: 3347); this projection will place Canada in the centre, so it does not look distorted.

Add the shapefiles to the data frame, and arrange the layers so they are both visible. Your project should look something like this:

[[File:jc1.PNG|600px|thumb|none| QGIS with all required data added.]]

As was previously mentioned, the shapefiles we have cover more than just Canada. When designing maps, having background data in the final layout can be good, providing context to the area of interest. However, this presents a challenge when working with these two programs. Exporting an SVG file from QGIS extracts everything in the data frame, not just what is displayed in the layout. This leaves you with excess data in Inkscape, making it difficult to work with. For this tutorial, we will be extracting the Canada data from the downloaded shapefile as its own file, so that is all that will be included in the SVG. 

To extract Canada’s provinces, select the "Properties tab for this layer, then select the "Open Attribute Table".  use the “Select by expression”, which is located at the top of the attribute table. Use the expression:

 "admin"  =   'Canada'

Once the area of Canada is highlighted in yellow, you know it is selected. Now right click the layer and select the "Export" option, next select the "Save Selected Features As..." 
Now, to the right of the "File Name" option make sure to click the 3 dots and select where you want the shapefile to be saved. It is best to save it in a folder where your project is located. 

Extract the selected features, saving them into the folder where the rest of your data is stored, with an appropriate name. To extract Canada’s capitals, do the same with the expression:

 "SOV0NAME"  =  'Canada' AND  "FEATURECLA"  LIKE  '%capital'

Once this is done, you can remove the two original shapefiles. You now have all the data you need. Your project should look like this:

[[Image:4008Map1.png|thumb]]

=== Starting the Layout in QGIS ===
You can now begin designing your map. You should add all of the map elements in QGIS before bringing the map into Inkscape. Inkscape will give you much more control over the minute details, but QGIS will make larger-scale changes easier, such as adding all required map elements. 

First you should add labels for both the provinces and cities with their respective “name” fields. This can be through the '''Labels''' tab of the '''Layer Styling''' panel after selecting the desired layer. Here you can also select font type, style, size and colour. You should play around with these, as well as the symbology for the layers until you get something you like. Some recommendations to consider, but note that you will be able to edit all of this in Inkscape:

*Choose serif fonts for a more clean, modern look to your map, and choose sans-serif to give it a more formal appearance, reminiscent of a newspaper or magazine (this will not always be that case, and you can use a mix if you want). This tutorial will go with the latter option, though you could just as easily go in the other direction. The design created here uses the fonts “Cinzel” and “EB Garamond”, both found on Google Fonts. A good choice of sans serif font that can be found there is “Roboto”.

*Colour is also important to the feel/theme of the map. Using a beige/brown/red colour palette will also contribute to that formal look, giving it an almost historical appearance. You can use the “colour picker” feature in QGIS to copy the colours from the images here. Use any colour scheme you feel looks good and supports the theme.

*Font size, weight and colour will influence the visual hierarchy. The example here uses a larger but slightly lighter font for the province labels, and a smaller, darker font for the city labels.

*Consider the symbology for both layers. The default may look fine, but you could almost definitely improve it, even with small changes.

An example of what the map might look like once the labels and colours have been edited can be seen below. Feel free to copy the style used here, or to go off in your own direction. Do not worry about label placement, as that will be much easier to edit in Inkscape. 

[[File:jc3.PNG|600px|thumb|none| All labels added and colors selected.]]

There is an important step that must be done before proceeding in order to ensure a smooth transition to Inkscape. Go into the Rendering tab of the labeling panel, and make sure that the box for Show all labels for this layer (including colliding labels) is checked. Do this for both layers. This will ensure that all labels appear on exported map, and that the text is recognized as text in Inkscape. See the image below for where to find these settings.

[[File:jc3b1.PNG|600px|thumb|none| The setting are highlighted in red.]]

The next step is to create a new layout in QGIS. You will want to add all the components to this layout: the map, scale bar, legend, title and a north arrow. Set the scale for the map to around 26,000,000 as this will fill out the page well. For the other elements, select the font and style that you like.

Adding the map to the layout is simple, first click on the "Add Item" section at the top of the layout, next there should be a section which should say "Add Map". This will add the current version of the map which is already loaded in QGIS so make sure to add the map after figuring out the proper scale you want the map to be.

To add the scale bar, make sure to select the "Add Item" selection, then click the "Add Scale Bar" option and you can edit the size of the scale bar. Make sure the scale bar is set to the proper map in the properties tab of the scale bar. This is only an issue when dealing with inset maps because sometimes the scale will automatically attach to the inset map rather than the desired map. You can also adjust the amount of segments that you desire in the properties tab.

To add the legend, make sure to select the "Add Item" selection and then select the "Add Legend" option. You can then adjust what you want to put in your legend by turning off the "auto update" option in the "Properties" tab for the legend. Now select what you want to be removed and click the red minus button. This is very helpful to remove base maps and other unimportant items from the legend. You can also edit other properties within the legend to make it look better such as changing the border, font, etc.  

To add the north arrow, make sure to select the "add Item" selection and then select the "Add North Arrow" option. You can then adjust the size to what looks the best with your map.

The final product of the map should look like this: 

[[Image:QGIS Map.png|600px]]

=== Transitioning from QGIS to Inkscape ===
This layout is coming together, but the labels are a mess, the legend is very plain, and there are a few other improvements that could be made. This will all be most easily done in Inkscape. To get your layout into Inkscape, you will need to export is as an SVG file. This is done by clicking '''Layout''' > '''Export to SVG'''. Close the message that pops up, choose where you want to save it, then do so. An options window will pop up, your setting should look like the following:

[[File:jc51.PNG|400px|thumb|none| Settings for exporting to SVG.]]

Hit save, then you will be ready to move to Inkscape.

Open up Inkscape, click '''File''' > '''Open''', locate the SVG you just exported, then open it. Your layout should be there, more or less exactly as it looked in QGIS. In the case of the map made here, it looked like this:

[[File:InkScape1.png|600px]]

You can now start editing your layout.

=== Finishing Your Layout in Inkscape ===
Inkscape can look daunting when you open it for the first time, however it is not too difficult to learn the basics.

The toolbar on the left has a variety of tools for editing or drawing on the layout. The mouse pointer at the top that is selected by default, lets you click on any shape to transform it, move it, resize it or edit its properties. Hover over any of the other tools for a brief description. Along the top are the settings for the currently selected tool.

There are two toolbars on the right side of the window. The rightmost one controls snapping. It lets you enable or disable various types of snapping for when you’re moving shapes, resizing them, etc. The second toolbar on the right has a variety of options, such as saving, copying, pasting, etc. Towards the bottom, there are buttons to open the different windows for editing text, fill/stroke, alignment and layers. You will likely want to use these to edit the elements of your map.

QGIS will divide up your layout into layers, so you should toggle them on and off to see which one is which. The background layers can be locked so they don’t get in the way while editing.

Also remember that you are able to change the colour of the vectors in each layer, edit fonts and import graphics. 

=== Fixing the Labels ===
As you can see, the text for the provinces got smaller in the map. This is because of the new version of QGIS where it will automatically convert labels to paths rather than a text feature meaning you cannot edit the actual text of the label in Inkscape. The size of the text can be changed if you select the item and you can manually select the height and width of each individual text object which is located at the top of the screen. This can be tedious but it is the best way to ensure you can fit and move every label to where you want to put it.  

The labels are currently very cluttered and awkwardly placed, but Inkscape will let you fix that. Start by simply moving them around, getting them as close to fitting as you can.

For those that are too large for their provinces (Newfoundland and Labrador for example), you can place the labels outside the shape, then use an arrow to connect them.

If a label has to cross over a boundary, to ensure that it is still legible, you can give it an outline in the Fill and Stroke menu. Once all the labels are placed satisfactorily, they might look like this:

[[Image:ProperLabels.png|600px]]

=== Improving the Legend and Finishing the Layout ===
The current legend is very plain. Luckily Inkscape offers plenty of possibilities for improving it. Before doing that, there is one change that should be made. Ottawa is the national capital and not a provincial capital, so it should have its own symbol and legend entry. Alter the symbol so that is stands out from the other, through colour, size, shape, etc. Once you have done that, make a copy of the symbol to use in the legend. The legend and symbols may be stored in a group, so to edit them individually, right-click the group and select '''Ungroup'''.

From here, edit the legend text to be more descriptive, add a title if you want to, maybe play with the font settings to find something that works. The alignment tools will allow you to make sure the items and labels line up with each other. Create a rectangle around the items to act as a border. Adding dotted lines between the symbols and labels is another possibility to improve the appearance. You can tweak each element in your legend until the whole thing looks good. An example of a relatively simple legend, that is still beyond what could be made in QGIS can be seen below:

[[Image:LegendPro.png|300px]]

To finalize your map, look over every element and make sure it looks good and fits with the rest of the design. This includes the title and scale bar which can also be edited. In the document properties window ('''File''' > '''Document Properties''') you can change the page size and background colour. Once you are satisfied with your layout you can export your map as a PNG under '''File''' > '''Export as PNG Image'''.

== Conclusion ==
This tutorial has provided you with a conceptual and technical basis for creating maps that look good. Aesthetics is an important aspect to making maps that should not be overlooked. There are plenty of great free open source resources that can be used to enhance the appearance of your maps, in addition to just making them. Hopefully this has been demonstrated to you. As a final illustration of the difference that aesthetics can make in the quality of a map, see below. The first is the map created over the course of this tutorial, the second is the same map, except made using QGIS’s default settings.

[[Image:InkscapeFinal.png|600px|thumb|none| Map layout designed in Inkscape]]

[[Image:QGIS Map.png|600px|thumb|none| Map layout using QGIS's default settings.]]

== References ==

*Kent, A. J., Field, K., Jenny, B., & Hopfstock, A. (2013). Cartographic Design and Aesthetics “FAQ”. Cartographic Perspectives, (73), 13-16. doi:10.14714/CP73.594